1. Pinus cembra, also known as Swiss pine, Swiss stone pine or Arolla pine or Austrian stone pine or just Stone pine, is a species of pine tree that grows in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains of central Europe, in Poland (Tatra Mountains), Switzerland, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Slovakia (Tatra Mountains), Ukraine and Romania

2. Japanese stone pine (Pinuspumila Regel) is a dominant species characteristic of alpine zones of high mountains.

3. In contrast, our data rejected the alternative hypothesis of a distinct genetic separation of the two main ranges of Swiss stone pine in Switzerland.