1. The fluctuations in the system are assumed to be described by a Gaussian white noise stochastic process.

2. A periodic model and an auto-regressional model of stationary stochastic process were respectively proposed for carrying out extrapolation and prediction.

3. Finally, during the last stages of planet building, a stochastic process of protoplanetary accretion can randomly alter the spin axis of the planet.

4. With the epistemological advance in field of aging research, the gerontologist has recognized that the aging mechanism is a negative and stochastic process rather than active or programmed one.