1. Squalene by itself is not an Adjuvant, but emulsions of squalene with surfactants do enhance the immune response

2. Squalene 2,3-epoxide Cyclizes, forming lanosterol Stable Identifier

3. Titermax Adjuvant forms a microparticulate water-in-oil emulsion with a copolymer and metabolizable squalene oil

4. Specifically, squalene is the gooey oil squeezed from the liver of a shark.

5. The lubricative fluid contains water, pyridine, squalene, urea, acetic acid, lactic acid, complex alcohols and glycols, ketones, and aldehydes.

6. Commercially, it was put to many uses: the flesh for food and fishmeal, the hide for leather, and its large liver (which has a high squalene content) for oil.

7. In 2009, GSK used AS03, an Adjuvant containing squalene, DL-α-tocopherol and polysorbate, to improve the immune response of people who received its Pandemrix vaccine against a pandemic H1N1 strain.

8. Several experimental vaccines, including some pandemic flu vaccines, malaria vaccines, and various viral and bacterial vaccines, are also being developed with squalene-containing adjuvants, with the intention of enhancing immunogenicity and thereby efficacy.

9. The primary components of earwax are shed layers of skin, with, on average, 60% of the earwax consisting of keratin, 12–20% saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, squalene and 6–9% cholesterol.

10. [62] Bryogenin HO [63] 1OlX-eucurbi1a-5,24-dien-3~-Q1 [64] Squalene [65] Me / X =-CH2--cH2-CH=C "Me HO [66] HO [67] HO [68] HO HO HO [71] [75] Elatericin B o 11 OH OCCH3 [76] (EME) [77] Dihydroelatericin A o

11. If you’re worried about using an oil, Lu says a very, very vanilla starting point for most skin types is squalane, which Lu describes as non-Comedogenic and incredibly stable.Not to be confused with squalene (which is found naturally in the skin), squalane is the lighter version that works to moisturize by trapping moisture into the skin.