1. Extraordinary evidence of internal fertilization in a placoderm was afforded by the discovery in the Gogo Formation, near Fitzroy Crossing, Kimberley, Western Australia, of a small female placoderm, about 25 cm (10 in) in length, which died in the process of giving birth to a 6 cm (2 1⁄2 in) offspring and was fossilized with the umbilical cord intact.

2. The remaining species then died out during the Devonian/Carboniferous extinction event; not a single placoderm species has been confirmed to have survived into the Carboniferous.

3. The presence of osteostracan, Anaspid, thelodont, acanthodian and possible placoderm remains in the Eastport Formation of Maine mirrors the vertebrate fauna known elsewhere in the Lower Old Red Sandstone of eastern North America and Europe (e.g., Denison 1956; the 'Cephaslaspid province of Young 1981; the North Atlantic province of Dineley and Loeffler 1993; and the 'central Appalachian …