1. In decreasing order of utility, the characteristics most effective in revealing clones were sex, leaf shape, floral (inflorescence) phenology, and leaf phenology: flushing, senescence, and abscission.

2. The effect of soil temperature on bid phenology, chlorophyll fluorescence, carbohydrate content and cold Bardiness of Norway spruce seedlings

3. Despite evidence that climate warming shifts pollinator phenology, a general assessment of these shifts and their consequences on pollinator Assemblages is still lacking

4. Development of the aecial and uredial stages of Melampsoramedusae leaf rust of poplar in relation to the phenology of its hosts (Populus spp. and Larix spp.) was monitored from March until October during two consecutive growing seasons in central Iowa, east central Minnesota, and north central Wisconsin.