1. It is often necessary to slice the otolith across the core to see all the Annuli

2. This manipulation led to a shearing effect on the otolith and hence served as the adequate stimulus.

3. Scientists typically count Annuli from the core to the edge of the otolith to obtain an age estimate.

4. Using air (AC) and bone conduction (BC) the vestibular receptors and afferents of the otolith organs can be activated to varying degrees.

5. The process carrying the otolith outer side of a or Concretion hk, formed by endoderm cells, is tentacle, two enclosed by an upgrowth forming the " vesicle," nerves run round which is not yet quite closed in …

6. Weightlessness can affect the vestibular function, primarily the otolith function, both directly due to the loss of gravitational influence and by eliminating the support and minimizing proprioceptive Afferentation, influencing indirectly through the central integrative multisensory structures of the central nervous system (CNS), where the convergence of afferent signals of various sensory

7. Molgulidae is an interesting group for research on the evolution of body plans because it contains species that have urodele, tailed, chordate larvae with notochord and muscle as well as closely related species with Anural, tailless larvae that completely lack larval structures, including the sensory otolith and muscle and notochord in the tail (5).