1. Awake fibreoptic intubation was attempted because of a large goiter and orthopnea.

2. 28 If orthopnea causes awakening during the night and is relieved by sitting, it is called paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

3. 23 We report a rare case of a 26-year-old primigravida at 34 weeks' gestation complicated with malignant lymphoma presenting as severe dyspnea and orthopnea.

4. 14 Orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea are unusual in pulmonary disease except in a very advanced phase when the increased efficiency of breathing in the upright position is manifest.