1. Cadenzas A cadenza—an unmeasured, free, often improvisatory solo passage—presents several notational challenges

2. Unlike the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) notational standard which concentrates on accurately and uniquely transcribing the phonemes of a language, the UPA is also used to denote the functional categories of a language, as well as their phonetic quality.

3. Goodman claims that architecture does have, in the architect's planes, something quite close to a notational system, and hence is, because of that, an Allographic art: different buildings, built in different locations and even with certain differences in materials, would be instances of the same work, provided that they correspond to the same plan.