1. Says The New Encyclopædia Britannica: “Manichaeism arose out of the anguish inherent in the human condition.”

2. The Bogomils: A Study in Balkan Neo-Manichaeism traces the development of this little-understood heresy from its Middle Eastern roots

3. Priscillian's emphasis on celibacy, however, ran Afoul of the church, which confused his teaching with Manichaeism and condemned his doctrines at the Council of Sargossa in 380

4. Under the 8th-century Abbasids, Arabic zindīq and the adjectival zandaqa could "denote many different things, though it seems primarily (or at least initially) to have signified a follower of Manichaeism."

5. Albigensianism (a Christian movement considered to be a medieval descendant of Manichaeism in southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries; characterized by dualism (asserted the coexistence of two mutually opposed principles, one good and one evil); was

6. Aeon, (Greek: “age,” or “lifetime”), in Gnosticism and Manichaeism, one of the orders of spirits, or spheres of being, that emanated from the Godhead and were attributes of the nature of the absolute; an important element in the cosmology that developed around the central concept of Gnostic d