1. 9 The Gnostics and the Manichaeans also believed in transmigration, but early Christians who adopted Gnostic and Manichaean doctrines were declared heretics by the church.

2. An Overview of Coptic Literature John Gee draft 15 April 2002 There is a vast amount of material written in Coptic: both literary and non-literary, Christian (orthodox and heterodox) and non-Christian (Manichaean and native Egyptian), native and translation