1. Agriculturists, tanners, merchants, and mullahs (Muslim clerics) were brought from Turkestan, and small principalities sprang up on the Irtysh and the Ob.

2. A few days ago, the Irtysh River, Furukawa uran part of the upper and middle reaches of the tributaries have been drying up.

3. The Kanas River, flowing out of the lake, later merges with the Hemu River to form the Burqin River, which itself discharges into the Irtysh River at Burqin Town, the county seat of Burqin County.

4. The Altai region, in West Siberia and Mongolia, is similar in character to Switzerland, but covers a very much greater area.It extends from the river Irtysh and the Dzungarian depression (46°–47° N.) northwards to the Siberian railway and to the Sayan mountains.