1. Under Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM) rules, each data/audio byte is translated into 14-bit EFM words, which alternates with 3-bit merging words. In total we have 33*(14+3) = 561 bits.

2. An error-code-adding error correcting circuit (60) error-corrects the EFM demodulated signal and adds error codes.

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4. In the EFM modulation, a merging bit satisfying Tmin = 3, Tmax = 11 is selected as the run length limit condition and within the range, one converging DSV is selected.