1. Amyloid beta-derived diffusible ligands (addls), addl-surrogates, addl-binding molecules, and uses thereof

2. Moreover, appreciable amounts of diffusible calcium are present in intercellular spaces and along basal laminae.

3. Borate Rods are molded from fused, water-diffusible Borates which are internationally recognized as an effective and well-established wood preservative

4. The invention herein comprises amyloid beta-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs), compositions comprising ADDLs, ADDL-surrogates, ADDL-binding molecules, and methods of using any of the foregoing compounds and compositions.