1. Countervailing duty law requires a subsidy to cause injury, but on the other hand, it does not require a demonstration of the effects of a subsidy and Countervails a subsidy regardless of its behavioral impact

2. However , Indian coal was vulnerable in western India , and a combination of railway rebate , which was already in operation , and a countervailing duty on African coal might have strengthened the industry ' s position in this part of India .