1. With a positive cosmological constant, it could also occur in a closed universe.

2. 16 Both the cosmological constant and quintessence fall into the general category of dark energy.

3. Therefore, the irreducible warp of the brane acts like a cosmological constant, which speeds up cosmic expansion.

4. String theory, which unites gravity with quantum mechanics, offered the hope of explaining the attenuated cosmological constant.

5. The value of R as a function of time t depends upon k and the cosmological constant Λ.

6. The ΛCDM model of the universe contains dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant.

7. The first person to seriously apply general relativity to cosmology without the stabilizing cosmological constant was Alexander Friedmann.