1. Christian Wolff René Descartes Baruch Spinoza Gottfried Leibniz Empiricism is a theory of knowledge which opposes other theories of knowledge, such as rationalism, idealism and historicism.

2. Cartesianism is the name given to the philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably Nicolas Malebranche and Baruch Spinoza

3. The Cartesian Method is the philosophical and scientific system of René Descartes and its subsequent development by other seventeenth century thinkers, most notably François Poullain de la Barre, Nicolas Malebranche and Baruch Spinoza