1. [Diagnosis and treatment of achalasia Cardiae]

2. Pneumatic dilatation is an efficient treatment for achalasia.

3. Megaesophagus is the end-stage of achalasia Cardiae

4. Dilatation and myotomy are effective treatment options for achalasia.

5. Synonyms and Keywords: esophageal achalasia; cardiospasm; esophageal aperistalsis; achalasia Cardiae; dyssynergia esophagus Overview Historical Perspective Classification Pathophysiology Causes Differentiating Achalasia from Other Diseases Epidemiology and Demographics Risk Factors Screening Natural History, Complications and Prognosis Diagnosis

6. It's called achalasia, which also can cause chest pain.

7. Achalasia originates from impaired relaxation of the gastroesophageal sphincter apparatus.

8. In gastroenterology, Botulinum toxin is used primarily to treat achalasia

9. Achalasia (Achalasia Cardiae in latin) is a rare sickness of the esophagus that most often occurs in the ages 10 to 30 years [1]

10. High-resolution manometry (HRM) is increasingly used and allows characterization of different achalasia types (i.e. type I classical achalasia, type II panesophageal pressurization and type III spasmodic achalasia) and differentiation from other motility disorders (e.g. distal esophageal spasm, jackhammer esophagus and nutcracker esophagus).

11. Achalasia of the pylorus was confirmed by delayed gastric emptying time.

12. Surgery of hiatal hernias and achalasia is discussed under these aspects.

13. The present specification discloses devices and methodologies for the treatment of achalasia.

14. In all cases, including the patients without radiological oesophageal distension, we found the caracteristic manométric aspect of achalasia: high pressure and achalasia of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES), specific disorders of the oesophageal motility.

15. The inadequate relaxation (achalasia) was the most frequent primary motor disorder in these patients (36.3 %).

16. The EUS in achalasia is helpful for the exclusion of carcinoma of the cardia.

17. We report the results obtained in four patients treated endoscopically by balloon dilatation (achalasia dilators).

18. Allgrove’s syndrome is a rare, recessive autosomal condition, associated with alacrima, achalasia and adrenal insufficiency.

19. Manometry represents a good laboratory test for diagnosis and follow up of achalasia in childhood.

20. In the post-operative manométrie studies, LES pressure decreased, but achalasia and lessening motor disorders persisted.

21. Swallowing difficulties (secondary achalasia) may be the first symptom of digestive disturbances and may lead to malnutrition.

22. This article aims to provide an overview of the development of the conservative and surgical treatment of achalasia.

23. Triple-A syndrome should be suspected in all young patients presenting with achalasia and adrenal insufficiency.

24. Abnormalities of the oesophagus and other factors which delay oesophageal emptying such as stricture or achalasia

25. Primary motility disorders of the esophagus are achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and the hypertonic lower esophageal sphincter.

26. The purpose of this report was to evaluate the efficacy of cardiomyotomy combined with fundoplication in the treatment of achalasia.

27. Achalasia of the gastro-oesophageal sphincter results from a lack of nitric-oxide synthase in the myenteric plexus.

28. The laparoscopic approach can be recommended as another beneficial indication, in addition to gastroesophageal reflux disease or achalasia.

29. 4 (e.g., stricture or achalasia) and those who are unable to stand or sit upright for at least 30 minutes.

30. BACKGROUND: Achalasia is an uncommon motility disorder of the esophagus with an uncertain etiology that can go undiagnosed for years.

31. Other possible indications for BTX injection such as sphincter of Oddi dyskinesia or cervical achalasia remain to be further established.

32. Fifty patients with achalasia of the esophagus took part in endoscopic and histologic surveillance 5–15 years after cardiomyotomy.

33. Methods Over the period 1998-2006, 115 patients underwent various treatments for achalasia; the subgroup of seniors consisted of 26 patients.

34. Thanks to high resolution manometry and study of the esophageal pressure topography, three subtypes, according to the classification of Chicago, have a direct interest in the choice of treatment to use: type I of achalasia presents the same result with pneumatic dilatation (81%) and surgery (85%); type II of achalasia presents the best result with pneumatic dilatation (100%); type III of achalasia called “spastic”, which is the more resistant, have the best result with Heller-Dor myotomy (86%).

35. Commonly used treatments for achalasia include pneumatic endoscopic balloon dilation, endoscopic Botulinus toxin injection, and surgical myotomy with or without a fundoplication

36. Risk factors include COPD, bronchiectasis, silicosis, cystic fibrosis, Aids, malignancy and achalasia, making the detection of NTM, when occurring simultaneously, more difficult.

37. Indications: There is good evidence for the clinical benefit of BTX injection as an alternative treatment for achalasia and chronic anal fissure.

38. CONCLUSIONS: We present a review of the outcome of different achalasia treatment options with a special focus on endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures.

39. Through this observation and a literature review, we discuss the contributions and risks of different therapeutic methods of achalasia in association with esophageal varices.

40. Achalasia is a primary motor disorder of the esophagus whose diagnosic criteria are impaired relaxation of the lower sphincter and absence of propagated peristaltic contractions.

41. The basic principle behind the treatment of achalasia consists of alleviating swallowing disorders by reducing resistance in the lower esophageal sphincter without inducing gastroesophageal reflux.

42. This review deals with the current techniques to evaluate motor disorders of the gastro-oesophageal sphincter giving rise to achalasia and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

43. BACKGROUND: Achalasia is an esophageal motor disorder of unknown etiology characterized by impaired swallow-induced lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and diminished or absent esophageal body peristalsis.

44. The triple A syndrome is a complex and multisystemic autosomal recessive disease with the 3 main symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, alacrima, and achalasia accompanied by neurological impairment.

45. A'asia abasia abasia-astasia ablepsia abrosia acampsia acanthaesthesia acanthesthesia acatalasia acatamathesia acataphasia acathisia acenesthesia achalasia achondroplasia achromasia achromatopsia acinesia aclasia Acmaesthesia acmesthesia acoenesthesia acolasia acousmatamnesia acrasia acrisia acroaesthesia acroanaesthesia acrocinesia

46. We report the case of a young man aged 20, following a gluten-free diet and presenting with coeliac disease and dysphagia, showing radiological, endoscopic and manometric signs of achalasia.

47. The authors report their results of Thal's operation which was used for the treatment of achalasia in 13 patients with oesophageal strictures and in 6 patients with reflux-oesophagitis.

48. The reason for hospital admission was vague abdominal discomfort in five hepatomegaly and cholecystolithiasis in four each, hepatitis in three, achalasia, sterility and increased sedimentation rate in one each.

49. Corkscrew esophagus is a variant of a condition called achalasia, a condition that results from nerve damage and makes it difficult for the body to pass food and liquid to the stomach.

50. The low incidence (1:100,000) makes primary idiopathic achalasia a problem of special importance. Patients often have a long medical history of suffering before the diagnosis is established and adequate therapy provided.

51. Individuals with achalasia are treated by implanting a stimulation device within the patient's lower esophageal sphincter and applying electrical stimulation to the patient's lower esophageal sphincter, in accordance with certain predefined protocols.

52. A neurofibroma of this size is extremely rare, and it would not have been overlooked at the time of the first operation had the procedure standard in achalasia, i. e. transthoracic myotomy, been followed.

53. Although Duhamel’s procedure is still the reference technique for the majority of authors in this pathology, another therapeutic approach has been described in which the distal achalasia is treated primarily, by associating colorectal resection with a sphincteromyectomy.

54. Three surgical complications of Chagas' disease—megaesophagus, achalasia of the pylorus, and cholelithiasis—were evaluated within the framework of the experience acquired in the management of 840 cases of megaesophagus—722 in the nonadvanced stage of the disease and 118 with advanced disease (dolichomegaesophagus).

55. In the group of the 722 patients with nonadvanced disease, achalasia of the pylorus was present in 140 (19.4%), and in the total of 840 patients, uncomplicated cholelithiasis without chagasic involvement of the gallbladder and/or papilla was observed in 58 (6.9%).

56. We report the case of a 44-year-old Caucasian patient with HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HIV/HCV) coinfection who, within 2.5 years, displayed a progressive symptomatology with dysphagia, retrosternal pain, regurgitation as well as a considerable loss of weight before achalasia was finally diagnosed.

57. Therefore, it is very important to follow precise indication criteria based on diagnostic evaluation and patient selection as well as to use an optimal operative technique. The therapeutic spectrum for achalasia varies from Botox injections and endoscopic dilatation to laparoscopic myotomy which achieves a success rate up to 90%.

58. Several Aetiologies for BOSs have been documented, ranging from stenosis secondary to trachea-oesophageal fistula repair (18 50%), caustic ingestion (38%), achalasia (5%), epidermolysis bullosa (<1%) and gastrooesophageal reflux, to name a few.[3,4] All have showed a good 1-year follow-up success rate with balloon dilatation techniques.[1-5]

59. Muscle disorders which are suitable for such treatment include achalasia, isolated disorders of the lower esophageal sphincter, gastroparesis, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, short-segment Hirschsprung's, anal fissure, hemorrhoids, proctalgia fugax, irritable bowel syndrome, disorders of the upper esophageal sphincter, vasospastic disorders, and disorders of uterine and bladder spasm.