1. In fact, this was never truly so, as the long history of colonialism and neocolonialism attests. From the perspective of the metropole, however, the conflation of membership with affectedness appeared to have an emancipatory thrust, as it served to justify the progressive incorporation, as active citizens, of the subordinate classes and status groups who were resident on the territory but excluded from full political participation.

Ce n'est qu'à cette condition que la théorie retrouvera sa pertinence et sa promesse d'être une approche qui peut contribuer à l'émancipation.