1. This dependency is compensated by first evaluation means in a first regulation cycle-synchronic plane and by second evaluation means in an adaptation plane.

Diese Abhängigkeit wird mit ersten Auswertemitteln in einer reglerzyklussynchronen Ebene und mit zweiten Auswertemitteln in einer Adaptionsebene kompensiert.

2. We must distinguish it clearly from other forms of gradation which developed later, such as Germanic umlaut (man/men, goose/geese, long/length, think/thought) or the results of English word-stress patterns (man/woman, photograph/photography). Confusingly, in some contexts, the terms 'ablaut', 'vowel gradation', 'apophony' and 'vowel alternation' may be heard used synonymously, especially in synchronic comparisons, but historical linguists prefer to keep 'ablaut' for the specific Indo-European phenomenon, which is the meaning intended by the linguists who first coined the word.

Ein schwaches Verb ist z.B. loben, der Stammvokal ändert sich bei der Vergangenheitsbildung nicht: loben, lobte, gelobt.